Escherichia Coli and Total Coliform Contamination in Various Raw Water Sources in Ende Regency, Nusa Tenggara Timur Province, Indonesia
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clean water, e.coli, total coliform
Abstract
Global demand for clean water, emphasized by the sixth Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), seeks universal access to safe, affordable drinking water through Goal 6.1. This research aims to assess the quality of some raw water sources and treated water distributed to customers by Perumda Tirta Kelimutu at Ende Regency in Nusa Tenggara Timur Province. The research method is quantitative and qualitative approaches to explain the presence of bacteria in water. The raw water samples including six samples collected from various water sources, six samples obtained from end consumers, and five samples collected from locations where wells and spring water can be freely accessed as it is outside the responsibility of Perumda Tirta Kelimutu. In addition, additional data sets from 2019 to 2022 provided by Perumda Tirta Kelimutu were also included in the analysis. The water quality data was then compared with the Regulation of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia No. 2 of 2023, which regulates raw water requirements for clean and potable water. The results reveal that all water quality samples are contaminated by Escherichia coli (E. coli) and total coliform. Several factors contribute to potential water contamination, including human activities in proximity to water sources, the absence of protection for raw water, the presence of debris in the water, leakages, the lack of water treatment plants in the water supply system, insufficient chlorination in water treatment plants, and residences located too close to water sources such as wells.
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