Analysis of Groundwater Storage Changes in Sulawesi Island Based on GRACE Satellite
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Groundwater, GRACE, Sulawesi Island, Spatio-temporal
Abstract
Groundwater serves as a critical resource for meeting the increasing water demands in Sulawesi Island driven by population growth; however, effective monitoring is often constrained by the limitations of conventional methods. This study aims to analyze the spatiotemporal dynamics of Groundwater Storage (GWS) across Sulawesi Island by utilizing remote sensing technology. The methodology integrates Total Water Storage (TWS) data from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite and Soil Moisture Storage (SMS) data from the Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) over the period of 2002–2024. The Mann-Kendall test and Sen’s Slope estimator were employed to determine the statistical significance and magnitude of GWS trends. Results indicate a statistically significant increasing trend in GWS, with an average rate of 0.2176 mm/year over the 22-year period. The results in 2016 showed a groundwater deficit phenomenon that coincided with the El Niño event at that time which affected groundwater storage conditions in several areas of Sulawesi Island
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